Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

DESCRIPTION

Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) are native to streams in the Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee region. There are more than 350 species of crayfish in North America. Sixty-five percent of crayfish belong to the genus, Orconectes. They have an average length of 2 1/2 inches.  The physical characteristics of the crayfish  are dark, rusty spots on each side of their carapace.  They have grayish-green to reddish-brown smooth claws.   One limiting factor of rusty crayfish is that they need permanent lakes or streams that provide tolerable water quality year round. 
Their higher metabolic rate causes them to devour more aquatic plants than most organisms. Spread by anglers who use them as bait, rusty crayfish are prolific and can severely reduce lake and stream vegetation, depriving native fish and their prey of cover and food. They also reduce native crayfish populations. 

(Source: Rusty Crayfish Fact Sheet, Minnesota Sea Grant, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/rusty.html) 

Competition with native crayfish
Rusty Crayfish is an aggressive invader. Most everywhere it is released it becomes established. It prefers nutrient rich streams and lakes, so the modern world is perfect for Rusty Crayfish. Once established it quickly out competes native crayfish and frequently eliminates aquatic vegetation. Many species of fish in N. America have consequently disappeared from lakes invaded by Rusty Crayfish after the aquatic plant communities have been destroyed. It is native to southwestern Ohio, eastern Indiana and adjacent areas of Kentucky. It has invaded Lake Erie and taken over the shallow shoreline areas and moved up many of the nutrient polluted tributaries, eliminating native populations of Orconectes propinquus and Orconectes sanbornii as it advanced. It is a popular bait species owing to the ease with which it can be caught.

(Source from Crayfish world, North American Crayfish, http://www.crayfishworld.com/internationalusa2.htm)

Competition & Impact on ecosystem
Rusty Crayfish can displace native crayfish species by one of two ways. They can either be aggressive through competition with other crayfish or they can increase the fish predation on the other species of crayfish because of their size and ability to withstand the threats of fish.  These crayfish impact the aquatic system by destroying the aquatic plant beds and reducing biological diversity. Rusty Crayfish can harm unproductive lakes where aquatic plants aren't abundant, as well.

Rusty Crayfish may cause a variety of negative environmental and economic impacts when introduced to new waters. Rusty crayfish displace other crayfish species through a combination of crayfish-to-crayfish competition and increased fish predation (DiDonato and Lodge 1994; Garvey et al. 1994; Hill and Lodge 1993, Reference). The reason for increased fish predation on native crayfish is two-fold. First, rusty crayfish force the native species from the best daytime hiding places and second, native crayfish try to swim away from a fish attack, which makes them more vulnerable. Rusty crayfish, on the other hand, assume a claws-up defensive posture which reduces susceptibility to fish predation.

Perhaps the most serious impact is the destruction of aquatic plant beds. Rusty crayfish have been shown to reduce aquatic plant abundance and species diversity (Lodge and Lorman 1987; Olsen et al. 1991, Reference). This can be especially damaging in relatively unproductive northern lakes, where beds of aquatic plants are not abundant. Submerged aquatic plants are important in these systems for:

• habitat for invertebrates (which provide food for fish and ducks),
• shelter for young gamefish, panfish, or forage species of fish,
• nesting substrate for fish, and
• erosion control (by minimizing waves).

Although other crayfish eat aquatic plants, rusty crayfish eat even more because they have a higher metabolic rate and appetite (Jones and Momot 1983, Reference). They also grow larger, hide less from predators -- and therefore feed longer (Stein 1977, Reference) -- and attain high population densities.

Rusty Crayfish, especially juveniles, feed heavily on benthic invertebrates like mayflies, stoneflies, midges, and side-swimmers. It has been estimated that Rusty Crayfish might consume twice as much food as similar-sized O. virilis because of a higher metabolic rate (Momot 1992, Reference). So, rusty crayfish are more likely to compete with juvenile game fish and forage species for benthic invertebrates than are native crayfish species. Displacement of native crayfish by rusty crayfish, therefore, could result in less food for fish. Crayfish are eaten by fish, but because of their thick exoskeleton (shell) relative to soft tissue, their food quality is not as high as many of the invertebrates that they replace. Less food or lower food quality means slower growth, which can reduce fish survival.

Harm fish populations by eating fish eggs
It has been suggested that Rusty Crayfish harm fish populations by eating fish eggs. While Rusty Crayfish have been observed to consume fish eggs under various circumstances (Horns and Magnuson 1981, Reference), there is no scientific study directly linking fishery declines with crayfish egg predation. It's likely that those fish species that lay eggs in relatively warm water (greater than 50° F) are more susceptible to crayfish predation than fish that spawn during colder water periods (Momot 1992, Reference). For instance, warm-water spawners like smallmouth bass, largemouth bass and sunfish are more likely to be affected than cool-water spawners like lake trout, walleye or northern pike. However, Wisconsin DNR Fisheries Manager, Harland Carlson, has observed actively feeding crayfish during lake trout spawning in November (water temperature 46° to 50° F). Reduced reproductive success of walleye in Lake Metonga, Wisconsin was reported following the Rusty Crayfish invasion (Lodge et al. 1985, Reference); however, walleye reproduction in other Wisconsin lakes invaded by Rusty Crayfish was not similarly impacted. Perhaps the lower quality walleye spawning substrate of Lake Metonga compared to other lakes invaded by Rusty Crayfish allowed the impact on walleye reproduction. However, there is no evidence proving or disproving this speculation.

No detailed research has been done that proves Rusty Crayfish cause declines in fish populations. Impacts on other fish species are not as obvious. The primary cause of bluegill, bass, and northern pike declines is probably reduced abundance and diversity of aquatic plants. Reduced food (such as mayflies, midges, and side-swimmers) and egg predation may also play a role. Because impacts and population abundance of Rusty Crayfish vary in lakes that appear similar, it is not possible to predict what will happen when they invade a new lake. Nevertheless, it is clear that rusty crayfish are an aggressive, unwanted exotic.

Cabin owners on heavily-infested northern Wisconsin and Minnesota lakes have even stopped swimming because large numbers of Rusty Crayfish occupy their favorite swimming area throughout the day. They fear stepping on them and getting pinched by the large-clawed "rustys." Other crayfish species, even if abundant, are usually less conspicuous during daylight hours.

(Source: Rusty Crayfish Fact Sheet, Minnesota Sea Grant, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/rusty.html) 

Rusty Crayfish were not found in Wisconsin in a 1932 survey, but populations have rapidly expanded throughout Wisconsin lakes and streams since their introduction around 1960 (Capelli and Magnuson 1983, Reference). The first observation of rusty crayfish in Minnesota was in 1967 at Otter Creek in southern Minnesota. A statewide study (Helgen 1990, Reference) reported their presence in many areas. So far, they have been found in 11 counties and 31 different lakes and streams.

Rusty Crayfish populations found in southern Minnesota (Des Moines and Cedar River Basins) and east central Minnesota (St. Croix River and tributaries) may have resulted from the natural dispersal of introduced populations from Wisconsin and Iowa. Rusty Crayfish populations in the rest of Minnesota, however, were probably spread there by people.

(Source: Rusty Crayfish Fact Sheet, Minnesota Sea Grant, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/rusty.html) 

Cambaridae contains over 500 species of freshwater crayfish, the largest of the three families. The different species are well adapted to a number of habitats and is spread across the North American continent and also in a pocket in Asia ( China, Japan and Mongolia). 

It is thought that people can spread crayfish in several different ways. Anglers using crayfish as bait are thought to be the primary cause. They are popular in other states and may have been brought in by non-resident anglers. Rusty crayfish are also sold to schools by biological supply houses. Even though a warning not to release rusty crayfish into the wild accompanies crayfish sold to schools, such warnings may be forgotten, or live crayfish may be given away to students. Crayfish from schools or collected from the wild and placed in home aquariums may eventually be released. Developing a viable commercial harvest of rusty crayfish from natural lakes could be incentive for unscrupulous trappers to plant them in other waters. 

(Source: Rusty Crayfish Fact Sheet, Minnesota Sea Grant, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/rusty.html) 

WHAT CAN YOU DO If you use Exotic Fish As Bait?

Empty your bait bucket on land, never into the water. 

Never dip your bait or minnow into one lake if it has water in it from another.

Never dump live fish from one water body into other waters.

Do not transport exotics, dead or alive.

Avoid using exotics as bait.

Clean all mud and plant matter from your boat, trailer, propeller, live well and anchors before leaving the landing.

Drain your live wells and bilge water before you leave infected area.

Let your boat and trailer dry in the sun for at least four days before you use it again in another lake or river.

Wash your boat with very hot water - at least 105°F (60°C).

(Source & Credit: Exotics of Lake Ontario by Jennifer Pultz, Sea Grant of Cornell University-State University of New York, Fact Sheet December 1995; Copies of this publication are available from New York Sea Grant, Rich Hall, SUNY College at Oswege, Oswege, NY 13126, (315) 341-3042; http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/DEFAULT.htm) 

Good Recipes
The harvest of rusty crayfish for food and bait may provide the only beneficial use for this exotic. Harvest for bait has been going on for over 30 years in Wisconsin. Commercial harvest for food is more recent and varies from year to year in both Wisconsin and Minnesota. Regulations in both Minnesota and Wisconsin now make it illegal to introduce rusty crayfish into any waters. In Minnesota, it is illegal to sell live crayfish as bait and a Department of Natural Resources permit is required to commercially harvest or culture crayfish.

(Source: Rusty Crayfish Fact Sheet, Minnesota Sea Grant, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/rusty.html) 

Escalopes de Saumon Gigondas: 
     (Salmon with Crayfish and Red Wine Sauce)
http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/restaurant/menu66/saumon.html

Fresh-water lobsters (by Kathy Love)
http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/arthopo/crayfish/recip.htm

Crayfish homepage: Brigham Young University
     http://bioag.byu.edu/mlbean/crayfish/crayhome.htm
This page provides various types of information, such as conservation, phylogeny, identification, links, and bibliography.

Appalachian Man's Crayfish Photo Gallery     
     http://webby.cc.denison.edu/~stocker/cfgallery.html
This site includes many pictures related to crayfish in West Virginia. 

An Introduction to the Crayfish of Missouri (by William L. Pflieger)     
     http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/arthopo/crayfish/crayfish.htm
This site includes general information on crayfish founded in Missouri.  
Crayfish Distribution  http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/arthopo/crayfish/distrib.htm
Crayfish Species Found in Missouri  http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/arthopo/crayfish/varcraw.htm
Recipe  http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/nathis/arthopo/crayfish/recip.htm

Grant Lakes Information Network (GLIN): Invasive Species in the Great Lakes Region     
     http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html
This site includes a comprehensive information on invasive species in the Great Lakes. 
Rusty Crayfish    http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/rusty.html

Link

Bruce Elementary School, WI created this website for kids.