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Double-crested Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax auritus)
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| Photo
source: Fermi
National Accelerator Lab |
| INTRODUCTION |
DESCRIPTION
Photo source:D.
Robert & Lorrie Franz
"Crow Duck" is a fairly
accurate description, as the cormorant appears to be a cross between a
crow and a duck. A dark bird, it has a long black neck with a brightly
colored beak. Both the male and the female look similar, the major
difference being during mating season, when the "crests" on the head of
the male become apparent. Cormorants are often observed extending
their long black wings (app. 50 inches) to dry.
Source: Canadian
Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet
Natural
History
The mating dance of
the male cormorant is an intricate one, including seduction of the female
with nesting materials. Double-crested Cormorants maintain a clutch
of about 3-4 eggs. These eggs hatch after about 28 days of incubation
and then are fed and attended to by both parents. These are migratory
birds. They winter along the Mississippi Delta, where they are also
considered to be a nuisance species, primarily to aquaculturists.
Aquacultural farms are easy targets for a food source.
Photo
Source: Eleanor
Briccetti
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| IMPACTS
There are three impacts
primarily associated with the Double-crested Cormorant. The primary
and most documented impact regards the vegetation associated with colonies
of breeding cormorants. Cormorants nest high in the trees.
The acidic nature of the cormorant’s feces kills the surrounding vegetation
and eventually leads to the death of the nesting tree. However, this is
of little consequence to most managers because there is no shortage of
vegetation in the Great Lakes Region. The form of vegetation that
managers are concerned about is the Carolinian vegetation. Carolinian
vegetation is the rarest form of flora in the Great Lakes region (Weseloh et
al., 2002, p. 135).
The second impact may
be on other colonial water birds. Species such as black crown night
herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) nest in the understory of trees. Of
course, this tends to be the first part destroyed by the cormorant droppings.
Cormorants also have a tendency to “hi-jack” the nest of these other species
between nesting seasons (Weseloh et al., 2002, p. 135).
The third impact is
one raised by an important element of the Great Lakes economy. The
sport fishermen surrounding this region claim that Double-crested Cormorants
have a great impact on fish populations. Anglers insist that the
cormorants tend to favor fish that are commonly regarded as prize catches.
These species include walleye, yellow perch and smallmouth bass (Weseloh et al.,
2002, p. 136). However, the vast majority of scientific studies have shown
that the statistics that the anglers are basing their information on are somewhat
skewed. Researchers claim that the birds' impact, is
dependent on the size of the body of water and the available populations
of fish. Studies in the region have proposed that cormorants are
“opportunistic foragers." This indicates that the birds eat whatever
they can find, and they do not search out prey with respect to any criteria
except whether or not they can fit it in their beak! (Stepanian, 2002, p. 119) |
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| GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION |
ORIGIN
The Double-crested Cormorant
is a wide-ranging bird. Thought to have originated in Canada, these
birds were virtually unknown in the Great Lakes region until the 1920's.
Their expansion began in western Lake Superior and gradually spread eastward
(see map of expansion). By 1950, there were approximately 1800 cormorants
throughout the Great Lakes (Wesloh 125). |
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| DISTRIBUTION |
Map Source:Canadian
Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet |
This map shows the distribution of
Double- crested Cormorants in the Summer, or breeding season. |
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Map Source:
USGS |
CONTROL
METHODS |
The methods
of control for this species are still being studied. In the past,
management methods have included the physical destruction of nests, eggs, and
the live bird. Chemical controls include spraying a mixture of formaldehyde
and soap on the eggs to suffocate them.
Forest, land and recreation managers are still looking for ways to manage
the cormorant population.
Source: Canadian
Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet |
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| USEFUL
PICTURE COLLECTIONS |
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The Cormorant in Action
Benjamin
and Cheryl Miller
Link |
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Wingspan
Environmental
News
Network
Link |
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Frontal
Plumage
D.
Robert & Lorri Franz
Link |
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| RELATED
SITES |
McMaster
University Link
This
website provides a nice overview of the bird and its habits. There
are several illustrations, documented/reference statistics that seem reliable,
and this site is very "readable."
Executive
summary to the US Fish and Wildlife Service on the Status of the Double-crested
Cormorant in North America. Link
Includes
an interesting list of reasons why population numbers have grown so rapidly.
Brief explanations of impacts of the bird and management options.
US Fish and Wildlife
Service Links:
The
Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem Team Link
Gives
great leads to other sites regarding cormorant management
The Official USFWS Double-crested
Cormorant site. Link
Includes
the draft environmental impact statement, general information, research
being done, and management impact.
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EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES |
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USFWS Natureworks
Link
This
is a one-page site for kids with a great overview of the double-crested
cormorant, (colorful pictures included). However, there is no mention
of the nuisance aspects of the bird.
This link does provide
exotic species information in the same format. Link
Great Lakes Information
Network Link
This
is a great page to lead educators through the process of teaching invasive
species. It also contains extensive information if the educator is
unfamiliar with the subject. |
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| REFERENCES |
Symposium
on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in
the Midwest
This
is an excellent link to several scientific research papers relating to
the management of Double-crested Cormorants. Link
Weseloh, D.V. and Collier, B.
The Rise of the Double-crested Cormorant on the Great Lakes: Winning the
War Against Contaminants, a Great Lakes Fact Sheet. The Canadian Wildlife
Service. http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/
factsheets/fs_cormorants-e.html.
Updated 5/31/00.
Stepanian, Martin A.
(2002). Interspecific Interactions, Habitat Use and Management of the Double-crested
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes: An Introduction.
Journal of Great Lakes Research. 28(2): 119-124.
Weseloh DV, Pekarik C.,
Havelka C.T., Barret G., and Reid J. (2002). Population Trends and Colony Locations
of Double-crested Cormorants in the Canadian Great Lakes and Immediately
Adjacent Areas, 1990-2000: A Manager's Guide. Journal of Great Lakes
Research. 28(2): 125-144.
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