Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

 Photo source: Fermi National Accelerator Lab
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION

Photo source:D. Robert & Lorrie Franz

"Crow Duck" is a fairly accurate description, as the cormorant appears to be a cross between a crow and a duck.  A dark bird, it has a long black neck with a brightly colored beak.  Both the male and the female look similar, the major difference being during mating season, when the "crests" on the head of the male become apparent.  Cormorants are often observed extending their long black wings (app. 50 inches) to dry.
Source: Canadian Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet

Natural History
The mating dance of the male cormorant is an intricate one, including seduction of the female with nesting materials.  Double-crested Cormorants maintain a clutch of about 3-4 eggs.  These eggs hatch after about 28 days of incubation and then are fed and attended to by both parents.  These are migratory birds.  They winter along the Mississippi Delta, where they are also considered to be a nuisance species, primarily to aquaculturists.  Aquacultural farms are easy targets for a food source.


 Photo Source: Eleanor Briccetti

IMPACTS

There are three impacts primarily associated with the Double-crested Cormorant.  The primary and most documented impact regards the vegetation associated with colonies of breeding cormorants.  Cormorants nest high in the trees.  The acidic nature of the cormorant’s feces kills the surrounding vegetation and eventually leads to the death of the nesting tree. However, this is of little consequence to most managers because there is no shortage of vegetation in the Great Lakes Region.  The form of vegetation that managers are concerned about is the Carolinian vegetation.  Carolinian vegetation is the rarest form of flora in the Great Lakes region (Weseloh et al., 2002, p. 135). 
The second impact may be on other colonial water birds.  Species such as black crown night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) nest in the understory of trees.  Of course, this tends to be the first part destroyed by the cormorant droppings.  Cormorants also have a tendency to “hi-jack” the nest of these other species between nesting seasons (Weseloh et al., 2002, p. 135). 
The third impact is one raised by an important element of the Great Lakes economy.  The sport fishermen surrounding this region claim that Double-crested Cormorants have a great impact on fish populations.  Anglers insist that the cormorants tend to favor fish that are commonly regarded as prize catches.  These species include walleye, yellow perch and smallmouth bass (Weseloh et al., 2002, p. 136).  However, the vast majority of scientific studies have shown that the statistics that the anglers are basing their information on are somewhat skewed.  Researchers claim that the birds' impact, is dependent on the size of the body of water and the available populations of fish.  Studies in the region have proposed that cormorants are “opportunistic foragers."  This indicates that the birds eat whatever they can find, and they do not search out prey with respect to any criteria except whether or not they can fit it in their beak! (Stepanian, 2002, p. 119) 

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
ORIGIN
The Double-crested Cormorant is a wide-ranging bird.  Thought to have originated in Canada, these birds were virtually unknown in the Great Lakes region until the 1920's. Their expansion began in western Lake Superior and gradually spread eastward (see map of expansion).  By 1950, there were approximately 1800 cormorants throughout the Great Lakes (Wesloh 125).
DISTRIBUTION


Map Source:Canadian Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet
This map shows the distribution of Double- crested Cormorants in the Summer, or breeding season.
Map Source: USGS

CONTROL METHODS
The methods of control for this species are still being studied.  In the past, management methods have included the physical destruction of nests, eggs, and the live bird.  Chemical controls include spraying a mixture of formaldehyde and soap on the eggs to suffocate them.  Forest, land and recreation managers are still looking for ways to manage the cormorant population. 
Source: Canadian Wildlife Service Cormorant Fact Sheet
 
USEFUL PICTURE COLLECTIONS 
The Cormorant in Action
Benjamin and Cheryl Miller
Link
Wingspan
Environmental
News Network
Link
Frontal Plumage
D. Robert & Lorri Franz
Link
RELATED SITES
McMaster University  Link
This website provides a nice overview of the bird and its habits.  There are several illustrations, documented/reference statistics that seem reliable, and this site is very "readable."
 

Executive summary to the US Fish and Wildlife Service on the Status of the Double-crested Cormorant in North America. Link
Includes an interesting list of reasons why population numbers have grown so rapidly.  Brief explanations of impacts of the bird and management options. 

US Fish and Wildlife Service Links:
The Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem Team  Link
Gives great leads to other sites regarding cormorant management

The Official USFWS Double-crested Cormorant site.   Link
Includes the draft environmental impact statement, general information, research being done, and management impact. 
 


EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
USFWS Natureworks Link
This is a one-page site for kids with a great overview of the double-crested cormorant, (colorful pictures included).  However, there is no mention of the nuisance aspects of the bird.
This link does provide exotic species information in the same format. Link

Great Lakes Information Network Link
This is a great page to lead educators through the process of teaching invasive species.  It also contains extensive information if the educator is unfamiliar with the subject. 

REFERENCES
Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the Midwest
This is an excellent link to several scientific research papers relating to the management of Double-crested Cormorants.  Link

Weseloh, D.V. and Collier, B.  The Rise of the Double-crested Cormorant on the Great Lakes: Winning the War Against Contaminants, a Great Lakes Fact Sheet. The Canadian Wildlife Service. http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/
factsheets/fs_cormorants-e.html.  Updated 5/31/00.

Stepanian, Martin A. (2002).  Interspecific Interactions, Habitat Use and Management of the Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes: An Introduction.  Journal of Great Lakes Research. 28(2): 119-124.

Weseloh DV, Pekarik C., Havelka C.T., Barret G., and Reid J. (2002).  Population Trends and Colony Locations of Double-crested Cormorants in the Canadian Great Lakes and Immediately Adjacent Areas, 1990-2000: A Manager's Guide.  Journal of Great Lakes Research. 28(2): 125-144.
 

Jennifer Raab
raab.12@osu.edu

You can find this htm format from http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~exotic/